ASTM A450 is a standard specification for the general requirements of carbon and low alloy steel tubes.

ASTM A450是碳和低合金鋼管一般要求的標準規範。

What is ASTM A450?  ASTM A450是什麽？

A450/A450M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Tubes.

A450/A450M碳素鋼和低合金鋼管一般要求的標準規範。

The ASTM A450/A450M specification sets forth the general requirements that govern the production and testing of carbon and low alloy steel tubes. Its comprehensive scope covers aspects ranging from dimensions and tolerances to mechanical properties and tests, ensuring a cohesive and standardized approach to tube manufacturing.

ASTM A450/A450M規範規定了碳和低合金鋼管日皮视频网站和測試的一般要求。其綜合範圍涵蓋了從尺寸和公差到機械性能和測試的各個方麵，確保了管材製造的連貫性和標準化方法。

The specification covers the following requirements:

本規範包括以下要求：

• Steel samples must be melt processed and either ingot cast or strand cast.
• 鋼樣必須經過熔融處理，可以是鑄錠或鑄坯。
• Heat and product analyses must be performed on the steel materials.
• 必須對鋼材進行熱量和日皮视频APP下载分析。
• The requirements are mandatory, with the exceptions of 5.3 and Sections 6, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.
• 這些要求是強製性的，但5.3和第6、7、18、19、20、21、22、23和24節除外。

ASTM A450 was published by ASTM International on November 1, 2021.

ASTM A450由ASTM國際組織於2021年11月1日發布。

What is the other name of low carbon steel? 低碳鋼的另一個名字是什麽？

Also known as mild steel, low carbon steel has low strength relative to steel with higher carbon levels. 

低碳鋼也稱為低碳鋼，相對於碳含量較高的鋼，其強度較低。

What are the 4 types of carbon steel? 碳鋼的四種類型是什麽？

Carbon steel is broken down into four classes based on carbon content:

碳鋼根據碳含量分為四類：

• Low-carbon steel. 0.05 to 0.15% carbon (plain carbon steel) content.
• 低碳鋼。0.05至0.15%的碳（普通碳鋼）含量。
• Medium-carbon steel. Approximately 0.3–0.5% carbon content. ...
• 中碳鋼。碳含量約為0.3-0.5%。。。
• High-carbon steel. Approximately 0.6 to 1.0% carbon content. ...
• 高碳鋼。碳含量約為0.6%至1.0%。。。  
• Ultra-high-carbon steel. Approximately 1.25–2.0% carbon content.
• 超高碳鋼。碳含量約為1.25-2.0%。

Ensuring Dimensional Precision確保尺寸精度

1.Dimensions and Tolerances: ASTM A450/A450M leaves no room for ambiguity when it comes to tube dimensions and tolerances. By providing strict guidelines for outside diameter, wall thickness, and length, it fosters uniformity across various applications.

1.尺寸和公差：ASTM A450/A450M在管材尺寸和公差方麵沒有模糊之處。通過為外徑、壁厚和長度提供嚴格的指導方針，它促進了各種應用的均勻性。

2. Straightness and Finish: The standard's meticulous stipulations regarding tube straightness and surface finish contribute to the overall aesthetic and functional qualities of the tubes, ensuring they meet the rigorous demands of industrial applications.

2 .平直度和光潔度：該標準對管材平直度和表麵光潔度的細致規定有助於提高管材的整體美學和功能質量，確保其滿足工業應用的嚴格要求。

Mechanical Properties and Tests機械性能和試驗

1. Tensile and Hardness Tests: The ASTM A450/A450M specification mandates essential tests to evalsuate the mechanical properties of the steel tubes. Tensile strength and hardness assessments provide insights into the tubes' ability to withstand external forces and pressures.

1.拉伸和硬度試驗：ASTM A450/A450M規範要求進行基本試驗，以評估鋼管的機械性能。抗拉強度和硬度評估提供了對管子承受外力和壓力能力的見解。

2.Flattening Test: By subjecting tubes to the flattening test, the standard ensures that tubes can endure the deformation caused by compression, a crucial consideration for applications involving pressure containment.

2.壓扁試驗：通過對管子進行壓扁試驗，該標準確保管子能夠承受壓縮引起的變形，這是涉及壓力容器應用的關鍵考慮因素。

A Pillar of Quality Assurance質量保證的支柱

ASTM A450/A450M doesn't just address physical attributes; it embodies a philosophy of excellence. By delineating stringent requirements and test procedures, it safeguards the reliability and quality of carbon and low alloy steel tubes. This standard serves as a benchmark against which manufacturers and engineers can gauge their products, fostering confidence in their performance.

ASTM A450/A450M不僅涉及物理屬性；它體現了卓越的哲學。通過製定嚴格的要求和測試程序，它保障了碳和低合金鋼管的可靠性和質量。該標準可作為製造商和工程師衡量其日皮视频APP下载的基準，增強對其性能的信心。

Applications and Beyond應用程序及其他

The influence of ASTM A450/A450M reverberates across a myriad of industries:

ASTM A450/A450M的影響波及無數行業：

1. Construction: Structural integrity is paramount in construction. The standard's specifications ensure that steel tubes used in buildings, bridges, and other structures meet the highest quality standards.

1.施工：結構完整性在施工中至關重要。該標準的規範確保建築物、橋梁和其他結構中使用的鋼管符合最高質量標準。

2.Mechanical Engineering: In mechanical systems, precision and dependability are non-negotiable. ASTM A450/A450M-compliant tubes form the backbone of machines, mechanisms, and conveyance systems.

2.機械工程：在機械係統中，精度和可靠性是不可談判的。符合ASTM A450/A450M標準的管子構成了機器、機構和輸送係統的支柱。

3.Energy and Utilities: From pipelines to heat exchangers, steel tubes play a pivotal role in energy production and distribution. The standard's provisions guarantee the safety and efficiency of these critical components.

3.能源和公用事業：從管道到換熱器，鋼管在能源日皮视频网站和分配中起著關鍵作用。該標準的規定保證了這些關鍵部件的安全性和效率。

A Conclusive Standard結論性標準

In the intricate tapestry of industrial manufacturing, ASTM A450/A450M stands as a decisive thread, weaving together precision, reliability, and excellence. Its stipulations transcend the realm of specifications; they embody a commitment to quality that resonates across diverse applications. With ASTM A450/A450M, carbon and low alloy steel tubes find their compass, guiding them toward uncompromising standards of performance and integrity.

在工業製造的複雜掛毯中，ASTM A450/A450M是一條決定性的線，將精度、可靠性和卓越性編織在一起。其規定超越了規範的範疇；它們體現了對質量的承諾，在不同的應用程序中引起了共鳴。通過ASTM A450/A450M，碳和低合金鋼管找到了自己的指南針，引導他們朝著不妥協的性能和完整性標準前進。

Scope範圍

1. 1. This specification  covers a group of requirements which, with the exceptions of 6.3 and Sections 7, 8, 19, 20, 21,22, 23, 24, and 25, are mandatory requirements to the following ASTM tubular product specifications:
   2. 1.1本規範涵蓋了一組要求，除6.3和第7、8、19、20、21、22、23、24和25節外，這些要求是以下ASTM管材規範的強製性要求：

A These designations refer to the latest issue of the respective specifications.

A這些名稱是指最新版本的相應規範。
1.2 One or more of Sections 6.3, 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22.1,24, and 25 apply when the product specification or purchase order has a requirement for the test or analysis described by these sections.

1.2當日皮视频APP下载規範或采購訂單對這些章節所述的測試或分析有要求時，第6.3、7、8、19、20、21、22、22.1、24和25節中的一個或多個適用。
1.3 In case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification and a requirement of this general requirement specification only the requirement of the product specification need be satisfied.

1.3如果日皮视频APP下载規範的要求與本通用要求規範的要求之間存在衝突，則隻需滿足日皮视频APP下载規範中的要求。
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation (SI) of the product specification is specified in the order.

1.4以國際單位製或英寸-磅單位表示的值應單獨視為標準值。在文本中，國際單位製顯示在括號中。每個係統中所述的值可能不是完全等效的；因此，每個係統都應獨立使用。將兩個係統的值結合起來可能會導致不符合標準。除非訂單中規定了日皮视频APP下载規格的“M”名稱（SI），否則應采用英寸-磅單位。

Ordering Information訂購信息

4.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase the needed material. Examples of such information include, but are not limited to, the following:

4.1買方有責任在采購訂單中指定購買所需材料所需的所有訂購信息。此類信息的示例包括但不限於以下內容：
4.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),

4.1.1數量（英尺、米或長度），

4.1.2 Specificiation number with grade or class, or both, as applicable and year date,

4.1.2帶等級或類別或兩者的指定編號（如適用）和年份日期，
4.1.3 Manufacture (hot-finished or cold-finished),

4.1.3製造（熱加工或冷加工），
4.1.4 Size (outside diameter and minimum wall thickness),

4.1.4尺寸（外徑和最小壁厚），
4.1.5 Length (specific or random),

4.1.5長度（特定或隨機），
4.1.6 Test report required (see Section 27),

4.1.6所需的測試報告（見第27節），

4.1.7 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI units) product standard. If the choice of test track is not specified in the order, then the defaultASTM test track shall be used as noted in Test Methods A1058.

4.1.7當材料訂購為M後綴（SI單位）日皮视频APP下载標準時，從試驗方法A1058中列出的選項中選擇測試軌道。如果訂單中未指定測試軌道的選擇，則應按照測試方法A1058中的說明使用默認的ASTM測試軌道。
4.1.8 Supplementary Requirements, and

4.1.8補充要求，以及

4.1.9 Additional requirements.

4.1.9附加要求。

5. Process過程

5.1 The steel may be made by any process.

5.1鋼可以通過任何工藝製成。
5.2 If a specific type of melting is required by the purchaser,it shall be as stated on the purchase order.

5.2如果買方要求特定類型的熔化，則應按照采購訂單上的規定進行。

5.3 The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting,such as electroslag remelting or vacuum-arc remelting.

5.3一次熔化可包括單獨的脫氣或精煉，隨後可進行二次熔化，如電渣重熔或真空電弧重熔。

5.4 Steel may be cast in ingots or may be strand cast. When steel of different grades is sequentially strand cast, identification of the resultant transition material is required. The producer shall remove the transition material by an established procedure that positively separates the grades.

5.4鋼可以鑄為鋼錠，也可以鑄為鑄坯。當不同等級的鋼按順序鑄坯時，需要對所得過渡材料進行標識。日皮视频网站商應通過既定的程序去除過渡材料，以明確區分等級。

6. Chemical Composition化學成分

6.1 Samples for chemical analysis, and method of analysis shall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.

6.1化學分析樣品和分析方法應符合試驗方法、規程和術語A751。
6.2 Heat Analysis—If the heat analysis reported by the steel producer is not sufficiently complete for conformance with the heat analysis requirements of the applicable product specification to be fully assessed, the manufacturer may complete the assessment of conformance with such heat analysis requirements by using a product analysis for the specified elements that were not reported by the steel producer, provided that product analysis tolerances are not applied and the heat analysis is not altered.

6.2熱分析——如果鋼鐵日皮视频网站商報告的熱分析不夠完整，無法完全評估其是否符合適用日皮视频APP下载規範的熱分析要求，製造商可以通過對鋼鐵日皮视频网站商未報告的指定元素進行日皮视频APP下载分析來完成對此類熱分析要求的合規性評估，前提是不應用日皮视频APP下载分析公差，也不改變熱分析。
6.3 Product Analysis—Product analysis requirements and options, if any, are contained in the product specification.

6.3日皮视频APP下载分析——日皮视频APP下载規範中包含日皮视频APP下载分析要求和選項（如有）。

7. Tensile Properties拉伸性能

7.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribed in the individual specification.

7.1材料應符合個別規範中規定的拉伸性能要求。
7.2 The yield strength corresponding to a permanent offset of 0.2 % of the gage length or to a total extension of 0.5 % of the gage length under load shall be determined.

7.2應確定對應於標距長度0.2%的永久偏移或負載下標距長度0.5%的總延伸的屈服強度。
7.3 If the percentage of elongation of any test specimen is less than that specified and any part of the fracture is more than 3 ⁄ 4 in. [19.0 mm] from the center of the gage length, as indicated by scribe marks on the specimen before testing, a retest shall be allowed.

7.3如果任何試樣的伸長率小於規定值，並且斷裂的任何部分距離標距中心超過3/4英寸[19.0毫米]，如試驗前試樣上的劃線標記所示，則應允許重新試驗。

8. Standard Weights標準重量

8.1 The calculated weight per unit length, based upon a specified minimum wall thickness, shall be determined by the following equation:

8.1根據規定的最小壁厚，每單位長度的計算重量應通過以下方程式確定：

W ＝C (D- t ) t       (1)

where:哪裏
  C = 10.69 [0.0246615],
  W = weight, lb/ft [kg/m],
  D = specified outside diameter, in. [mm], and
  t = specified minimum wall thickness, in. [mm]
  8.2 The permissible variations from the calculated weight per foot [kilogram per metre] shall be as prescribed in Table 1.

8.2每英尺計算重量[千克每米]的允許偏差應符合表1的規定。

TABLE 1 Permissible Variations in Weight Per Unit Length  A 

A These permissible variations in weight apply to lots of 50 tubes or more in sizes 4 in. [101.6 mm] and under in outside diameter, and to lots of 20 tubes or more in sizes over 4 in. [101.6 mm] in outside diameter.

A這些允許的重量變化適用於外徑為4英寸[101.6毫米]及以下的50根或更多管子的批次，以及外徑超過4英寸[101.6mm]的20根或更多試管的批次。

9. Permissible Variations in Wall Thickness壁厚允許偏差

9.1 Variations from the specified minimum wall thickness shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table 2.

9.1與規定最小壁厚的偏差不得超過表2中規定的量。
9.2 For tubes 2 in. [50.8 mm] and over in outside diameter and 0.220 in. [5.6 mm] and over in thickness, the variation in wall thickness in any one cross section of any one tube shall not exceed the following percentage of the actual mean wall at the section. The actual mean wall is defined as the average of the thickest and thinnest wall in that section.

9.2對於外徑為2英寸[50.8毫米]及以上、厚度為0.220英寸[5.6毫米]及以下的管子，任何一根管子的任何一個橫截麵的壁厚變化不得超過該截麵實際平均壁厚的以下百分比。實際平均壁厚定義為該截麵中最厚和最薄壁的平均值。

Seamless tubes ±10 % 無縫管±10%

Welded tubes ± 5 % 焊接管±5%

9.3 When cold-finished tubes as ordered require wall thick-
nesses 3 ⁄ 4 in. [19.1 mm] or over, or an inside diameter 60 % or less of the outside diameter, the permissible variations in wall thickness for hot-finished tubes shall apply.

9.3當訂購的冷加工管需要壁厚時-

3⁄4 in.[19.1 mm]或以上，或內徑為外徑的60%或以下，熱加工管壁厚的允許偏差應適用。

TABLE 2 Permissible Variations in Wall Thickness   

A These permissible variations in wall thickness apply only to tubes, except internal-upset tubes, as rolled or cold-finished, and before swaging, expanding,bending, polishing, or other fabricating operations.

A這些允許的壁厚變化僅適用於軋製或冷加工的管子，內部鐓粗管除外，以及在型鍛、膨脹、彎曲、拋光或其他製造操作之前。

Permissible Variations in Outside Diameter外徑允許偏差

10.1 Except as provided in 10.2, variations from the specified outside diameter shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table 3.

10.1除10.2中規定外，與規定外徑的偏差不得超過表3中規定的量。
10.2 Thin-wall tubes usually develop significant ovality (out of roundness) during final annealing, or straightening, or both.The diameter tolerances of Table 3 are not sufficient to provide for additional ovality expected in thin-wall tubes, and, for such tubes, are applicable only to the mean of the extreme (maximum and minimum) outside diameter readings in any one cross section. However, for thin wall tubes the difference in extreme outside diameter readings (ovality) in any one cross section shall not exceed the following ovality allowances:

10.2薄壁管在最終退火或矯直或兩者同時進行時通常會出現明顯的橢圓度（不圓度）。表3中的直徑公差不足以提供薄壁管中預期的額外橢圓度，對於此類管，僅適用於任何一個橫截麵中極端（最大和最小）外徑讀數的平均值。然而，對於薄壁管，任何一個橫截麵的極端外徑讀數（橢圓度）的差異不得超過橢圓度公差

TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Outside Diameter 

A Except as provided in 10.2, these permissible variations include out-of-roundness. These permissible variations in outside diameter apply to hot-finished seamless, welded and cold-finished seamless tubes before other fabricating operations such as upsetting, swaging, expanding, bending, or polishing.

A除10.2中規定外，這些允許的偏差包括不圓度。外徑的這些允許變化適用於熱加工無縫管、焊接無縫管和冷加工無縫管，然後再進行其他製造操作，如鐓粗、型鍛、膨脹、彎曲或拋光。

Permissible Variations in Length允許的長度變化

11.1 Variations from the specified length shall not exceed the amounts prescribed in Table 4.

11.1規定長度的變化不得超過表4中規定的金額。

TABLE 4 Permissible Variations in Length A 

A These permissible variations in length apply to tubes before bending. They apply to cut lengths up to and including 24 ft [7.3 m]. For lengths greater than 24 ft [7.3m], the above over-tolerances shall be increased by 1 ⁄ 8 in. [3 mm] for each 10 ft [3m] or fraction thereof over 24 ft or 1 ⁄ 2 in. [13 mm], whichever is the lesser.

A這些允許的長度變化適用於彎曲前的管子。它們適用於長度不超過24英尺[7.3米]的切割。對於長度大於24英尺[7.3米]的情況，上述超差應每10英尺[3米]或超過24英尺或1/2英寸[13毫米]的部分增加1⁄8英寸[3毫米]，以較小者為準。

12. Permissible Variations in Height of Flash on Electric-Resistance-Welded Tubes

12.電阻焊管閃光高度的允許偏差

12.1 For tubes over 2 in. [50.8 mm] in outside diameter, or over 0.135 in. [3.44 mm] in wall thickness, the flash on the inside of the tubes shall be mechanically removed by cutting to a maximum height of 0.010 in. [0.25 mm] at any point on the tube.

12.1對於外徑超過2英寸[50.8毫米]或壁厚超過0.135英寸[3.44毫米]的管子，應通過在管子上的任何點切割到最大高度0.010英寸[0.25毫米]來機械去除管子內側的飛邊。
12.2 For tubes 2 in. [50.8 mm] and under in outside diameter and 0.135 in. [3.4 mm] and under in wall thickness,the flash on the inside of the tube shall be mechanically removed by cutting to a maximum height of 0.006 in. [0.15mm] at any point on the tube.

12.2對於外徑為2英寸[50.8毫米]及以下、壁厚為0.135英寸[3.4毫米]及以內的管子，應通過在管子上的任何點切割至最大高度0.006英寸[0.15毫米]來機械去除管子內側的飛邊。

Straightness and Finish直線度和表麵處理

13.1 Finished tubes shall be reasonably straight and have smooth ends free of burrs. They shall have a workmanlike finish. Surface imperfections (see Note 1) may be removed by grinding, provided that a smooth curved surface is maintained,and the wall thickness is not decreased to less than that permitted by this or the product specification. The outside diameter at the point of grinding may be reduced by the amount so removed.

13.1成品管應合理筆直，端部光滑無毛刺。它們應具有精湛的表麵處理。表麵缺陷（見注釋1）可以通過研磨去除，前提是保持光滑的曲麵，壁厚不小於本規範或日皮视频APP下载規範允許的厚度。磨削點處的外徑可以減少所去除的量。
N OTE 1—An imperfection is any discontinuity or irregularity found in the tube.

注1--缺陷是指管子中發現的任何不連續或不規則之處。

14. Repair by Welding焊接修補

14.1 Repair welding of base metal defects in tubing is permissible only with the approval of the purchaser and with the further understanding that the tube shall be marked “WR” and the composition of the deposited filler metal shall be suitable for the composition being welded. Defects shall be thoroughly chipped or ground out before welding and each repaired length shall be reheat treated or stress relieved as required by the applicable specification. Each length of repaired tube shall be tested hydrostatically as required by the product specification.

14.1隻有在買方批準的情況下，才允許對管子中的母材缺陷進行補焊，並進一步理解管子應標記為“WR”，沉積的填充金屬的成分應適合焊接的成分。焊接前應徹底鑿除或磨掉缺陷，每個修複的長度應按照適用規範的要求進行再熱處理或消除應力。每段修複的管子應按照日皮视频APP下载規範的要求進行靜水壓試驗。
14.2 Repair welding shall be performed using procedures and welders or welding operators that have been qualified in accordance with ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,Section IX.

14.2應使用符合ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規範第九節規定的合格程序和焊工或焊接操作員進行補焊。

15. Retests複試

15.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any group or lot do not conform to the requirements specified in the individual specification, retests may be made on additional tubes of double the original number from the same group or lot, each of which shall conform to the requirements specified.

15.1如果任何組或批次的機械試驗結果不符合個別規範中規定的要求，則可以對同一組或批次中原始數量兩倍的額外管子進行重新試驗，每根管子都應符合規定的要求。

16. Retreatment在處理

16.1 If the individual tubes or the tubes selected to represent any group or lot fail to conform to the test requirements, the individual tubes or the group or lot represented may be retreated and resubmitted for test. Not more than two reheat treatments shall be permitted.

16.1如果單個試管或選擇代表任何組或批次的試管不符合測試要求，則可以退回單個試管或代表的組或批次並重新提交測試。不允許進行兩次以上的再熱處理。

17. Test Specimens試樣

17.1 Test specimens shall be taken from the ends of finished tubes prior to upsetting, swaging, expanding, or other forming operations, or being cut to length. They shall be smooth on the ends and free of burrs and flaws.

17.1試樣應在鐓粗、型鍛、膨脹或其他成型操作或切割成一定長度之前從成品管的端部取出。端部應光滑，無毛刺和缺陷。
17.2 If any test specimen shows flaws or defective machining, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted.

17.2如果任何試樣出現缺陷或加工缺陷，則可以丟棄並更換另一個試樣。

18. Method of Mechanical Testing機械測試方法

18.1 The specimens and mechanical tests required shall be made in accordance with Annex A2 of Test Methods and Definitions A370 if inch-pound units are specified or to the requirements described in the applicable track of Test Methods A1058 if SI units are specified.

18.1如果規定了英寸-磅單位，則應按照試驗方法和定義A370的附件A2進行所需的試樣和機械試驗，如果規定了國際單位製，則應根據試驗方法A1058適用軌道中描述的要求進行。
18.2 Specimens shall be tested at room temperature.

18.2試樣應在室溫下進行測試。
18.3 Small or subsize specimens as described in Test Methods and Definitions A370 or Test Methods A1058 may be used only when there is insufficient material to prepare one of the standard specimens. When using small or subsize specimens, the largest one possible shall be used.

18.3隻有當材料不足以製備標準試樣時，才能使用試驗方法和定義A370或試驗方法A1058中所述的小試樣或小試樣。使用小尺寸或小尺寸試樣時，應使用盡可能大的試樣。

19. Flattening Test壓扁試驗

19.1 A section of tube not less than 2 1 ⁄ 2 in. [63 mm] in length for seamless and not less than 4 in. [100 mm] in length for welded shall be flattened cold between parallel plates in two steps. For welded tubes, the weld shall be placed 90° from the direction of the applied force (at a point of maximum bending).During the first step, which is a test for ductility, no cracks or breaks, except as provided for in 19.4, on the inside, outside, or end surfaces shall occur in seamless tubes, or on the inside or outside surfaces of welded tubes, until the distance between the plates is less than the value of H calculated by the following equation:

19.1長度不小於2 1/2英寸[63毫米]（無縫）和長度不小於4英寸[100毫米]（焊接）的管段應分兩步在平行板之間冷壓平。對於焊接管，焊縫應與施加力的方向成90°（在最大彎曲點）。在第一步，即延展性試驗期間，無縫管或焊接管的內表麵或外表麵不得出現裂紋或斷裂，除非19.4中另有規定，直到板之間的距離小於由以下方程式計算的H值：

where:
  H = distance between flattening plates, in. [mm],平板之間的距離，英寸[mm]，
  t = specified wall thickness of the tube, in. [mm],管的指定壁厚，英寸[mm]，
  D = specified outside diameter of the tube, in. [mm], and管的指定外徑，英寸[mm]，以及
  e = deformation per unit length (constant for a given grade of steel: 0.07 for medium-carbon steel (maximum specified carbon 0.19 % or greater), 0.08 for low alloy steel, and 0.09 for low-carbon steel (maximum specified carbon 0.18 % or less)).單位長度變形（給定鋼種的常數：中碳鋼為0.07（最大規定碳含量0.19%或更高），低合金鋼為0.08，低碳鋼為0.09（最大指定碳含量0.18%或更低））。

During the second step, which is a test for soundness, the flattening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the opposite walls of the tube meet. Evidence of laminated or unsound material, or of incomplete weld that is revealed during the entire flattening test shall be cause for rejection.

在第二步，即堅固性測試中，應繼續壓平，直到試樣斷裂或管子的相對壁相遇。在整個壓扁試驗過程中發現的層壓或不牢固材料或不完整焊縫的證據應作為拒收的理由。
19.2 Surface imperfections in the test specimens before flattening, but revealed during the first step of the flattening test, shall be judged in accordance with the finish requirements.

19.2壓扁前試樣中的表麵缺陷，但在壓扁試驗的第一步中暴露出來的，應根據光潔度要求進行判斷。
19.3 Superficial ruptures resulting from surface imperfections shall not be cause for rejection.

19.3表麵缺陷造成的表麵破裂不應成為拒收的理由。
19.4 When low D-to-t ratio tubular products are tested,because the strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the inside surface at the six and twelve o’clock locationss, cracks at these locationss shall not be cause for rejection if the D to t ratio is less than 10.

19.4當測試低D-t比的管狀日皮视频APP下载時，由於幾何形狀在六點鍾和十二點鍾位置的內表麵上施加的應變過高，如果D-t比小於10，則這些位置的裂紋不應成為拒收的原因。

23.1 For tubes 0.200 in. [5.1 mm] and over in wall thickness, either the Brinell or Rockwell hardness test shall be used. When Brinell hardness testing is used, a 10-mm ball with 3000, 1500, or 500-kg load, or a 5-mm ball with 750-kg load may be used, at the option of the manufacturer.

23.1對於壁厚為0.200英寸[5.1毫米]及以上的管子，應使用布氏硬度或洛氏硬度試驗。當使用布氏硬度測試時，製造商可以選擇使用負載為3000、1500或500kg的10mm球，或負載為750kg的5mm球。
23.2 For tubes less than 0.200 in. [5.1 mm] to and including 0.065 in. [1.7 mm] in wall thickness, the Rockwell hardness test shall be used.

23.2對於壁厚小於0.200英寸[5.1毫米]至0.065英寸[1.7毫米]的管子，應使用洛氏硬度試驗。
23.3 For tubes less than 0.065 in. [1.7 mm] in wall thickness, the hardness test shall not be required.

23.3對於壁厚小於0.065英寸[1.7毫米]的管子，不需要進行硬度試驗。
23.4 The Brinell hardness test may be made on the outside of the tube near the end, on the outside of a specimen cut from the tube, or on the wall cross section of a specimen cut from the tube at the option of the manufacturer. This test shall be made so that the distance from the center of the impression to the edge of the specimen is at least 2.5 times the diameter of the impression.

23.4布氏硬度試驗可在靠近末端的管子外側、從管子上切下的試樣外側或從管子上切割的試樣的壁橫截麵上進行，由製造商選擇。進行此測試時，壓痕中心到試樣邊緣的距離應至少為壓痕直徑的2.5倍。
23.5 The Rockwell hardness test may be made on the inside surface, on the wall cross section, or on a flat on the outside surface at the option of the manufacturer.

23.5根據製造商的選擇，洛氏硬度試驗可以在內表麵、壁橫截麵或外表麵的平麵上進行。
23.6 For tubes furnished with upset, swaged, or otherwise formed ends, the hardness test shall be made as prescribed in

23.6對於帶有鐓粗、型鍛或其他成型端部的管子，應按照
23.1 and 23.2 on the outside of the tube near the end after the forming operation and heat treatment.

23.1和23.2在成形操作和熱處理後靠近管端的管外側。
23.7 For welded or brazed tubes, the hardness test shall be made away from the joints.

23.7對於焊接或銅焊管，硬度試驗應遠離接頭。
23.8 When the product specification provides for Vickers hardness, such testing shall be in accordance with Test Method E92.

23.8當日皮视频APP下载規範規定了維氏硬度時，此類測試應符合測試方法E92。

24. Hydrostatic Test水壓試驗

24.1 Except as provided in 24.2 and 24.3, each tube shall be tested by the manufacturer to a minimum hydrostatic test pressure determined by the following equation:

24.1除24.2和24.3中規定的情況外，製造商應按照以下方程式確定的最小靜水壓試驗壓力對每根管子進行測試：

where:
  P = hydrostatic test pressure, psi or MPa,靜水壓試驗壓力，psi或MPa，
  t = specified wall thickness, in. or mm, and規定的壁厚，英寸或毫米，以及
  D = specified outside diameter, in. or mm.指定外徑，英寸或毫米。

24.1.1 The hydrostatic test pressure determined by Eq 3 shall be rounded to the nearest 50 psi [0.5 MPa] for pressure below 1000 psi [7 MPa], and to the nearest 100 psi [1 MPa] for pressures 1000 psi [7 MPa] and above. The hydrostatic test may be performed prior to cutting to final length, or prior to upsetting, swaging, expanding, bending or other forming operations, or both.

24.1.1對於低於1000 psi[7 MPa]的壓力，方程式3確定的靜水壓試驗壓力應四舍五入到最接近的50 psi[0.5 MPa]，對於1000 psi[7MPa]及以上的壓力，應四舍五入到最靠近的100 psi[1 MPa]。靜水壓試驗可以在切割到最終長度之前進行，也可以在鐓粗、型鍛、膨脹、彎曲或其他成形操作之前進行，或者兩者兼而有之。
24.2 Regardless of the determination made by Eq 3, the minimum hydrostatic test pressure required to satisfy these requirements need not exceed the values given in Table 7. This does not prohibit testing at higher pressures at manufacturer’s option or as provided in 24.3.

24.2無論方程式3如何確定，滿足這些要求所需的最小靜水壓試驗壓力都不需要超過表7中給出的值。這並不禁止製造商選擇或按照24.3的規定在更高的壓力下進行測試。

TABLE 7 Hydrostatic Test Pressures

24.3 With concurrence of the manufacturer, a minimum hydrostatic test pressure in excess of the requirements of 24.2 or 24.1, or both, may be stated on the order. The tube wall stress shall be determined by the following equation:

24.3經製造商同意，訂單上可注明超過24.2或24.1或兩者要求的最小靜水壓試驗壓力。管壁應力應通過以下方程式確定：

where:
  S = tube wall stress, psi or MPa, and all other symbols as管壁應力，psi或MPa，以及所有其他符號
defined in 24.1.1.定義見24.1.1。

24.4 The test pressure shall be held for a minimum of 5 s.

24.4試驗壓力應保持至少5秒。
24.5 If any tube shows leaks during the hydrostatic test, it shall be rejected.

24.5如果任何管子在靜水壓試驗期間出現泄漏，則應拒收。
24.6 The hydrostatic test may not be capable of testing the end portion of the pipe. The lengths of pipe that cannot be tested shall be determined by the manufacturer and, when specified in the purchase order, reported to the purchaser.

24.6水壓試驗可能無法測試管道的端部。無法測試的管道長度應由製造商確定，並在采購訂單中規定時報告給買方。